The Heinkel He 111 was designed, ostensibly as a civil transport, in 1935, but in 1936 the He 111 B was delivered to the Luftwaffe and by the following year it had joined in the Spanish Civil War. Succeeding the He111 B series were the DB 600 powered He 111D and the Junkers Jumo 211 engined He 111E. The He 111 P (DB 601 engines) was the next major version, entering service some 6 months before the outbreak of the Second World War. The Heinkel He 111 P first introduced the asymmetrically placed bubble housing the nose machine gun that was a trade mark of all later He 111. Despite a wide variety of He 111 P sub-types, production of this series was not extensive, and in 1939 it began to be superseded by the more promising Junkers Jumo powered Heinkel He 111 H.
Like the Ju87 Stuka, the He 111 performed extremely well in the opening phase of Second World War, but was recognized as terribly inadequate during the Battle of Britain. By mid–1940, the He 111 still formed the backbone of the Luftwaffe, but it was evident that it had become obsolete. Indeed the fast aircraft of 1937 had become a lumbering, poorly armed bomber, extremely vulnerable to modern fighters. In response Heinkel added extra machine guns and armor, and tried to
improve both altitude and speed, but to no avail. Coupled with incessant growth in equipment and armor, the result was only further deteriorating performance. The short-sightedness of the RLM was shown by the fact that they made no use of available replacements. Instead the obsolete and waddling He111 was built in ever greater number until 1944, as it was easy to manufacture, economical in manpower and material, could absorb a great deal of enemy fire, and remained
reasonably effective on the less demanding Eastern front. The Heinkel He111 served on all fronts as medium bomber, but from mid–1943 its role was less important. It remained in service and was used for more specialized missions, including as torpedo bomber, barrage-balloon cable-cutter, glider tug, magnetic-mine exploder, V1 missile carrier, and transport plane. Undoubtedly the most spectacular conversion was the special He 111 Z (Zwilling — twin), designed in 1942 for the purpose of towing the giant Me 321 glider; this consisted of two He 111s joined by a common center wing carrying a fifth engine. Spanish CASA continued production after World War II until 1956 (model CASA 2.111).
Production: 6508 aircrafts.
General Description
- Type: Twin-engined bomber and torpedo-carrier, also adaptable as a transport, glider-tug, or flying-bomb carrier.
Wings
- Configuration: Low-wing cantilever monoplane with three parts: a rectangular center-section integral with the fuselage and two tapering outer sections.
- Structure:
- Made of light metal with two spars and multiple ribs.
- Covered with a stressed skin of smooth duralumin sheet.
- Ailerons are located on the outer sections, with hydraulically-operated slotted flaps on the inner sections. Ailerons droop with flap deployment.
Fuselage
- Shape: Oval-section, tapering to a point aft.
- Construction:
- Made of metal with three main bulkheads and several secondary frames.
- Interconnected by longerons and ‘U’ section stringers.
- Covered with smooth metal sheet.
Tail Unit
- Type: Monoplane with elliptical surfaces.
- Structure: Cantilever tailplane and fin, all-metal structure with smooth sheet covering.
- Control Surfaces: Includes trimming-tabs in the movable surfaces.
Landing Gear
- Type: Retractable.
- Mechanism: Comprises two oleo legs and two backwardly sloping hinged members, retracting the wheels aft into the engine nacelles. Equipped with low-pressure wheels and Cannstadt brakes.
Power Plant
- Engines: Two Junkers Jumo 211F twelve-cylinder inverted Vee liquid-cooled engines, each rated at 1,300 hp at 3,810 m (12,500 ft).
- Propellers: Three-bladed VDM controllable-pitch full-feathering airscrews.
- Fuel Capacity: Four self-sealing fuel tanks (two inboard and two outboard of nacelles) with a total capacity of 940 Imperial gallons.
Accommodation
- Crew: Five members.
- Layout:
- Pilot on the port side in an asymmetrical, fully glazed nose compartment.
- Navigator/bomb-aimer alongside the pilot with a tip-up seat, also operating a machine-gun in the nose.
- Bomb compartment behind the pilot between wing spars.
- Passageway leading to aft cabin, where the radio-operator/gunner operates the upper gun and another gunner manages the lower gun.
- Pilot’s seat and gun positions are armored.
Armament
- Configurations:
- Includes variations such as one 13 mm MG 131 in the nose, two 7.9 mm MG 81 in the lower ventral position, one 13 mm MG 131 in the upper rear-firing position, and two 7.9 mm MG 81 on each side of the fuselage.
- Bomb Load:
- Initial internal storage for up to eight 250 kg bombs.
- Later modifications allowed external stowage for larger bombs, mines, torpedoes, or one FZG 76 flying-bomb.
- Various load configurations include combinations of 1,000 kg, 1,400 kg, 1,800 kg, and 2,500 kg bombs.
- Can carry two torpedoes under the center-section roots.
Equipment
- Radio: Standard bomber radio equipment, including long and short wave transmitting and receiving sets, D/F loop receiver, and blind-approach equipment.
- Navigation: Equipped with a Lorenz blind-approach system and an inflatable dinghy.
Specifications:
variant | He111 V1 | He111 A-0 | He111 B-2 | He111 D-0 |
crew | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
wingspan (m) | 25,00 | 22,61 | 22,61 | 22,61 |
lenght (m) | 17,38 | 17,50 | 17,51 | 17,51 |
height (m) | 4,10 | 4,10 | 4,20 | 4,20 |
wing area (m2) | 87,60 | 86,50 | 86,50 | |
gross weight (kg) | 5782 | 5400 | 5800 | 6000 |
normal take-off weight (kg) | 7590 | 8209 | 8600 | 8800 |
bombs (kg) | 500 – 1000 | 1500 | 1500 | |
engines | BMW VI 6,0 Z, 650 hp | BMW VI 6,0 Z, 650 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 600 CG, 936 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 600 Ga, 1036 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 309 (at 5400 m) | 370 at 4000 m | 410 at 4000 m | |
cruising speed (km/h) | 270 | 344 | 370 | |
landing speed (km/h) | 110 | 115 | 120 | |
service ceiling (m) | 6000 | 6000 | 7000 | 7000 |
range (km) | 1500 | 1000 – 2500 | 1065 | 1065 |
armament | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm |
variant | He111 E-1 | He111 F-1 | He111 J-1 | He111 P-1 |
crew | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
wingspan (m) | 22,50 | 22,50 | 22,50 | 22,60 |
lenght (m) | 17,50 | 17,51 | 17,51 | 16,40 |
height (m) | 4,20 | 4,20 | 4,20 | 4,00 |
wing area (m2) | 86,50 | 86,50 | 86,50 | 87,60 |
gross weight (kg) | 6135 | 6200 | 6120 | |
normal take-off weight (kg) | 10600 | 10600 | 10550 | 13300 |
bombs (kg) | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 or 2 torpedo | 2000 |
engines | Junkers Jumo 211 A-1, 986 hp | Junkers Jumo 211 A-3, 1084 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 600 Ga, 1036 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 601 Aa, 1134 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 430 | 440 | 415 at 5000 m | |
cruising speed (km/h) | 380 | 385 | 370 | |
landing speed (km/h) | 120 | 120 | 120 | |
service ceiling (m) | 6000 | 6000 | 7000 | |
range (km) | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | |
armament | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm |
variant | He111 P-2 | He111 P-4 | He111 P-5 | He111 P-6 |
crew | 4 | 5 | 5 | |
wingspan (m) | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 |
lenght (m) | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 |
height (m) | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 |
wing area (m2) | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 |
gross weight (kg) | 6020 | 6775 | ||
normal take-off weight (kg) | 12570 | 13500 | 13820 | 14000 |
bombs (kg) | 1500 – 2000 | 2000 – 2500 | 2000 | |
engines | Daimler-Benz DB 601 Aa, 1134 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 601 A-1, 1084 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 601 A-1, 1084 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 601 N, 1183 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 410 at 5000m | 398 at 5000m | 380 | 425 |
cruising speed (km/h) | 380 | 370 | ||
landing speed (km/h) | 120 | 120 | ||
service ceiling (m) | 7800 | 8000 | ||
range (km) | 1970 – 2100 | 2450 | ||
armament | 4-5 x MG15 7,9 mm | 6 x MG15 + MG17 | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm |
variant | He111 H-1 | He111 H-3 | He111 H-4 | He111 H-5 |
crew | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
wingspan (m) | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 |
lenght (m) | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 |
height (m) | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 |
wing area (m2) | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 |
gross weight (kg) | 6740 | 7200 | 6850 | 6950 |
normal take-off weight (kg) | 12600 | 13120 | 14220 | 15700 |
bombs (kg) | 2000 | 2000 | 1500 | 2500 |
engines | Junkers JUMO 211 A-1, 986 hp | Junkers JUMO 211 D-1, 1183 hp | Junkers JUMO 211 D-1 or F-a, 1300 hp | Junkers JUMO 211 F-1, 1300 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 410 at 6000m | 440 | 425 at 6000m | 405 at 6000m |
cruising speed (km/h) | 370 | 375 | 330 | 330 |
landing speed (km/h) | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 |
service ceiling (m) | 8000 | 8000 | 8500 | 8500 |
range (km) | 2060 | 2060 | 2600 | 3100 |
armament | 3 x MG15 7,9 mm | 7 x MG15 | 6 x MG15 | 6 x MG15 |
variant | He111 H-6 | He111 H-16 | He111 H-20 | He111 H-21 |
crew | 5 | 3-4 | ||
wingspan (m) | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 |
lenght (m) | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 |
height (m) | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 |
wing area (m2) | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 |
gross weight (kg) | 8680 | 6900 | 8680 | 7050 |
normal take-off weight (kg) | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 |
bombs (kg) | 2000 or 2 x torpedo | 2000 | 3000 | |
engines | Junkers JUMO 211 F-1 or F-2, 1321 hp | Junkers JUMO 211 F-2, 1321 hp | Junkers JUMO 211 F-2, 1321 hp | Junkers JUMO 213 E-1, 1751 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 440 | 434 at 6000m | 440 | 480 at 7000m |
cruising speed (km/h) | 330 | 390 | 330 | 410 |
landing speed (km/h) | 135 | 135 | 125 | 140 |
service ceiling (m) | 8500 | 8500 | 8500 | 10000 |
range (km) | 2060 | 2060 | 2250 | 2060 |
armament | 6 x MG15, MG17, MG-FF | 5 x MG15, MG17, MG-FF | 3 x MG131, 2 x MG 81Z | 3 x MG131, 2 x MG 81Z, 1×20 mm |
variant | He111 H-22 | He111 H-23 | He111 R-2 | He111 Z-1 Zwilling |
crew | 5 | 7-9 | ||
wingspan (m) | 22,60 | 22,60 | 22,60 | 35,20 |
lenght (m) | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,40 | 16,69 |
height (m) | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,00 | 4,53 |
wing area (m2) | 87,60 | 87,60 | 87,60 | 147,44 |
gross weight (kg) | 10500 | 6800 | 6800 | 14970 |
normal take-off weight (kg) | 15930 | 13200 | 13000 | 29700 |
bombs (kg) | 3000 or V-1 | 1000 | 2000 | – |
engines | Junkers JUMO 213 E-1, 1751 hp | Junkers JUMO 213 A-1, 1775 hp | Daimler-Benz DB 603 U, 1715 hp | 5 x Junkers JUMO 211 F-2, 1321 hp |
max speed (km/h) | 475 | 490 at 7000m | 500 at 9000m | 437 at 6000m |
cruising speed (km/h) | 370 | 410 | 470 | 394 |
landing speed (km/h) | 140 | 140 | 135 | |
service ceiling (m) | 10000 | 10000 | 13000 | 10200 |
range (km) | 2900 | 2060 | 1800 | 4000 |
armament | 2 x MG131, 1 x MG 81Z | 2 x MG131, 4 x 7,9 mm | 6 x 7,9mm, 1×20 mm | 6 x 7,9mm,1×13 mm, 1×20 mm |
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